Black Plague Essay example - 1067 Words

Living in Europe in the middle of the 1300amp;#8217;s would have been heartbreaking and dreadful. Not only were the living conditions very poor but there was an unknown disease that was wiping out a large percentage of European population. One cannot imagine the fear of wondering whether you or someone you loved was going to catch this deadly disease. No explanation would make a person feel safe from catching it or dying with it. The people of Europe just lived their lives as best they could realizing that nothing they do could ever stop this. They did not have the power to stop this it was far too beyond them. This unknown disease is known as the Bubonic Plague. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The plague was passed among many rodents by†¦show more content†¦Most peasants and serfs lived in small villages of windowless thatched wooden huts. It would not be too bad if the people knew of sanitation. They dumped their wastes into rivers from which they drank. They also dumped them into nearby fields where livestock graze and livestock slept under the same roof as the people. Washing was a similar problem. People rarely washed themselves or their clothes. Fleas lice and other vermin were part of life and to be endured with. Most rats were ignored which was not good because they were major carriers of the disease. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Many of the doctors of the time were amazed at the horrible disease. Physicians were stumped about cure or even remedies of this illness. The only advice they could offer is to get away from it and start off new somewhere else. Many physicians followed their own advice and deserted areas where the plague was to be found. Many doctors told patients that the disease came because of a corrupted or polluted atmosphere. There were a few attempts of doctors finding a remedy. Gui de Chauliac recommended a variety of pills, purges, and bleeding. These are all known as medieval remedies. Chauliac seemed to think on the brighter side of things. Others like Chalin de Vinario put his own opinion quite bluntly, amp;#8220;Every pronounced case of the plague is incurable.; All the doctors lacked one important connection: the spread of plague between the rats.Show MoreRelatedBlack Plague And The Plague1367 Words   |  6 PagesBy the 14th century, the plague had wiped out sixty percent of Europe’s population. Because of its devastating fatality rate, The Black Plague was one of the most devastating pandemics in history. The disease was made famous by the outbreak in Europe, however it did not origi nate there. The origination of the Plague, History of the Plague, Strains and Symptoms, as well as effects of the Plague are essential ideas, important to understand the Black Plague. The Black Plague is said to have originatedRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Plague1624 Words   |  7 Pageswhat became known as the Black Death of the fourteenth century, possible death to most, spread by measly fleas and rats. Because of the rapid outbreak of this terrifying disease, death defying symptoms, and resulted in the death of 25 million people, the Black Plague is considered the greatest catastrophe ever.†¯ †¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Black Plague started in Italy. The plague traveled from Italy to Europe. Jim Ollhoff, author of the The Black Death, described the outbreak of the plague as a â€Å"deadly hitchhiker†Read MoreThe Plague Of The Black Plague1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Plague is a disease that spread around the world and killed many people. There are three different types of the plague; Bubonic, Septicemic, and Pneumonic (Dugdale). The Black Plague effected Europe greatly and effected there way of life. It came to Europe around the 1300s and had a great impact on society in the 1500s (History). Important parts of the black plague are the different types of the plague, how they spread, treatments for them, and effects the plague had on Europe in the 1500sRead MoreThe Black Plague1207 Words   |  5 Pages The black plague, the foremost severe epidemic in human history, ravaged Europe from 1347-1351. This plague killed entire families at a time and destroyed a minimum of 1 village. Greatly causal to the Crisis of the Fourteenth Century, Not only did the black plague take a devastating toll on human life, but it to boot contend a major role in shaping European life among the years following. The black plague consisted primarily of plague; but plague was to boot gift among the epidemic. SymptomsRead MoreBlack Death : The Black Plague1876 Words   |  8 PagesThe Black Plague Sickness times a thousand equals the Black Death. In our world, many disasters have occurred, causing terrible damage emotionally, physically, and mentally. However, I believe that the Black Death is the worst disaster to have occurred throughout our world’s history. It all started in 1348, when trading ships from different countries around Europe settled at the port of Messina, Sicily. Once the ship dropped their anchor many of their sailors were found dead, and the few survivingRead MoreBlack Death : The Black Plague768 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Plague is known as the most fatal disease in the worlds history! The disease killed nearly one-third of Europe’s population in the fourteenth century. The Black Plague is also known as the Black Death and was transmitted to humans by rodents such as rats and spread due to extremely unsanitary living conditions. European cities such as Paris and London were most devastatingly affected by the Black Plague The Black Plague is transmitted from fleas to rodents such as rats or mice to humansRead MoreThe Origin Of The Black Plague892 Words   |  4 Pagesmalnourishment. Millions of people did this till the plague took over. To fully understand the plague you have to go to origin, analyze the factors leading up to the plague, know the transmission, experience the symptoms, see the death and how the ending changed the North-East hemisphere to what it is today. Most historians believe the origin of the black plague begins in the Gobi desert, on the Mongolian Platte. The first written report of the plague is in the area. A merchant in 1332 states that MongolianRead MoreBlack Plague And The Black Epidemic1337 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Plague The Black Plague outbreak was one of the scariest events in human history. The people were afraid to do everyday activities and carry on with their normal routines. This plague is known to almost every person on Earth. Even as a kid, teachers tell their students about this plague. Even the thought of an outbreak like the Black Plague makes people’s skin crawl. I am included in that category. It has gotten to the point that when any outbreak of any type or kind of disease happensRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Plague Essay2352 Words   |  10 PagesABSTRACT The Bubonic Plagues a highly lethal infection caused by the microbe Yersinia pestis. This plague is most commonly associated with the plague of the 14th century, when it wiped out nearly half of the entire European population. The Bubonic Plague spread rapidly throughout Europe and was an often fatal illness, characterized by enlarged lymph nodes with pus filled buboes, gangrene, septicemia, and severe lung infections, followed by the quick onslaught of death. The Black Plague is the worstRead MoreBlack Death : The Black Plague1048 Words   |  5 Pagesbody: without employment, is a disease- the rest of the soul is a Plague, a hell itself† (Smiles, Samuel). The Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague, came to existence in the Fourteenth Century. It was transferred from Asia in the late 1340s and caused a mass eruption in Europe. It was a very dark time period of history, which changed the way people viewed religion, fellow citizens, and life. In the 1300s, the century of the Plague, there were many poor conditions. One example was the home itself

Aging in Family and Marriage Free Essays

People in society have a longer life-span now than ever before in the history of man.   The population of old people and â€Å"old old† people are increasing every year making a four generation family – consisting of children, parents, grandparents and great-grandparents – the norm in society. In the late 19th century the amount of people in their senior years (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging in Family and Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. 65 years old and above), given a total population of 23.2 million people was 600,000 which increased tremendously in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the amount of old people were at 3.1 million given a population of 76,000,000 and in 1975, with a population of 235,000,000, there were 21.8 million senior citizens in society, making it an 8 percent increase in old people in a span of 75 years. With that percentage growth, there are definitely more â€Å"old old† people currently in society and it cannot be doubted that the amount of â€Å"old old† people affects society in numerous ways.  Ã‚   For this study, the effect of the aging population on the most basic institution of society will be discussed – the family. Aging definitely affects people’s lives and proportionally affects the lives of the people around those who are aging.   Since the family is the basic unit of society, the effect of aging on the family and the changes that occur in that social unit because of aging will be discussed. When we speak of family, this entails the relationships between parent and child as well as husband and wife. Aging has an impact on these relationships that cannot be ignored by the rest of society as the family represents the foundation of society and thus if any changes occur within that framework then it cannot be questioned that these changes influence the dynamics that transpire with the society as a whole. Aging and the Family According to Andre Cherline (1983), historically, old people continued to hold the power and authority over the family until the day they died.   This was the case mainly because it was the elders who had ownership of all the properties and resources of that family, which the heir will only be able to handle the moment the patriarch of that family has bequeathed his possession in a will, after his death. Thus, older people were normally respected and feared by the younger generation albeit not loved. (7)   Ã‚  This is especially true since it is in itself an accomplishment to grow old because to be old at that time would mean that the person has survived all the diseases in a time when medicine was not at all as advanced as it is today. Although an accomplishment, it creates resentment in the younger generation especially if the younger generation has reached adulthood since the old man controls the family’s resources, the adult child had to be dependent on the old man until such time that he passes away. This no longer holds true in this day and age.   Familial relations are not as feudalistic as it used to be during colonial times.   The dynamics of the family are no longer such that the parent has full control of the resources of the family. Although, parents may have possessions that they accumulated throughout the years of hard work that they may want to bequeath to their children, the financial stability of the children are no longer fully dependent on these resources as they can independently work for their own wages and accumulate their own wealth apart from that of their parents. However, the presence of old people poses a problem of idleness wherein they are â€Å"too old to work but too young to die† (Freedman, 1999).   In 1952, insurance companies decided that the best way to care for the elderly was to insure them with pension upon retirement. The marketing ploy was to make retirement a leisure trip – no kids, no responsibilities, no worries – which they coined the â€Å"Golden Years.† Due to this, most elderly people availed of a pension plan making them absolutely independent of their children while enjoying the rest of their life in comfort and leisure. (1)   Given this independence of each other, the relationship between adult child and parent are normally more favorable than during the colonial times, wherein the parent and child may develop a more emotionally satisfying relationship which is warm, close and affectionate. (Cherline, p.8) This, however, does not hold true for the elderly who are dependent on their children for financial support.   It is common that the parent had spent all their income for the upbringing and education of their children and so upon retirement there are financially incapable of supporting themselves or even enjoying the â€Å"Golden Years.† In cases like these, the relationship between parent and child may be tense and the dynamics of the family of the adult child will have to change and adjust itself to the presence of the elderly parent. The strain or benefit that the elderly parent will cause to its adult child may differ per situation.   First, assuming that the adult child has his own family, the strain may be caused by the elderly parent’s relationship with the in-law. Depending on how intrusive the elderly parent is, his presence will cause a strain in the marriage of his adult children.   Apart from the possible abrasive nature of the elderly parent, the strain may originate from the extra expense in caring for the elderly parent as well. Assuming that the adult child is divorced the strain in the parent-child relationship maybe greater.   Divorce in itself is a very traumatic experience for those involved in the process and so the divorcee is normally both emotionally sensitive and financially unstable. The strain with the elder parent can come in two forms: the disapproval of the elder parent of the divorce and the expense of caring for an elder parent in a situation when finances, due to the divorce, are extremely tight.   (15) However, the presence of an elder parent in a newly divorced adult child can also have benefits which can strengthen the relationship between the parent and the adult child. The adult child may find his/her emotional support from the present parent as well as help the adult-child in caring for the children, household and finances (granted that the elder parent is financially able).   (16)   Whatever the case maybe, it is through the relations of the elderly with their family that the elderly are able to maintain their social identity.   (18)   Through their connections to their family – with their children, with their grand children and great-grandchildren – the elderly find purpose and meaning to an otherwise â€Å"purposeless† aging existence when they cannot work and contribute to the society or are too young to die. By providing the emotional support for their children their relationship are strengthened.   Through the caring and sharing in the raising and upbringing of the grandchildren, their contributions to the welfare of the children’s disposition ultimately contributes to the well-being of society. Although, these relationships may not be always peachy, the contribution and influence over their children and their grandchildren is apparent and allows them to continue to become a function of society. Aging and Marriage In marriage, aging has a very direct consequence and influence.   Assuming that both partners are still alive, the interaction of the spouses within their relationship change proportionately with their age because of their emotional maturity as well as deteriorating physical health. In terms of physical health, physiological complication causes the deterioration of physical intimacy within an elderly couple.   Both the ovarian function in females and the testicular function in males deteriorate as they age. Apart from these physiological changes, psychological changes occur as well.   Especially for men, the inability to sexually perform, the loss of the role of leader and breadwinner, and the extra time to notice everything else may cause depression.   Thus, there is a greater need for emotional support, affirmation, acceptance and trust from the spouse.   (Metz, 1998) As a result of these needs and the compensation for the lack of physical intimacy, elderly couples claim that they have a better relationship with their spouses as they now consider them their best friends.   (Appleton Bohm, 2001) (Fahey, 2001). As Appleton Bohm succinctly puts it (2001), elder couples have relationships where â€Å"myths dissipate, reality sets in and marital identity takes hold. Communication patterns solidify, knowledge expands and reliance on collaborative-cooperative styles of dispute resolution increases.† How to cite Aging in Family and Marriage, Essays

Resilience in Co Operative Business Model †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Resilience in Co Operative Business Model. Answer: Introduction: Product is a type of marketing mix, product life cycle is a cycle which depicts stages that a product passes and the returns expected from it at different levels over time (Aitken,et.al,2003); these stages include: Development-this is a stage where products are investigated and planned for. The ideas about a product is weighed and looked into with keenness. Most of the ideas die up in this stage because companies fear taking risks of coming up with a new product. In this stage, the companys expenditure is high and no income as it spends much in developing the product ideas and no sales is done (Golder Tellis,2004). For a company to do well and pass this stage, it should look on issues like product branding and establish the quality level, good branding will attract customers and would want to taste the product. Pricing also should be considered whereby entry price should be lower to favor its venture into the market. Channels of distribution should be one-sided; it should select the areas of marketing the products until the product is received well and then move to other markets. product promotion should also be done at this early stage to help with awareness of the product to the potential market. Growth this is a stage where sales begin to grow after product launching and marketing. The cost level may come down because if the product has been received by potential customers, production of the product will be high to meet the demand. In this stage there is also entry of competitors as they try to copy what another company is doing and they produce a similar product, this can affect sales in the company. For a company to counter this and improve it sells, marketing strategies should be implemented and they include; increasing demand of the product but maintain the prices, maintain/improve the quality of product, increasing distribution channels due to rise in demand of the product, widening promotion to higher market level. Maturity and saturation is a stage where sales growth is constant. Entry of more firms to offer competition to existing companies makes the market to be saturated. At this stage, many businesses use different ways to improve and extend the product life and this include; Company trying to change the image of product by adding features which are different from that of competitors. The company should also intensify the distribution channels as competition is high and also do promotions which depict the product differentiation from that of other competitors. Decline- at this stage sale of products will come down because of change in customers tastes and preference, change in technology, and/or the coming in of new products. This stage is critical for the company as it can cause product withdrawal. At this stage, the firm can decide to maintain product and improve its uses so as to increase the declined sales. Another option is the company to harvest the product, that is, continue offering the products but at a reduced price. A company can also decide to withdraw the product from the market and either turn the remaining inventory to cash or sell the product to a firm which wills to continue. The company can try to extend the life of fallen product by looking ventures for the existing products, establishing wide range of products, setting the target audience, rebranding and repackaging of the products, encouraging customers to use products anytime on frequent basis, changing the components of the product. It is advisable that a company should try to save the life of mature products before it reaches decline stage by implementing the extension strategies. Matrix is a model which helps a company in analyzing its portfolio products. A company with a wide product range has portfolio for its products and can be analyzed using Boston matrix (Lowy Hood, 2004) which categorizes products on market share and market growth basis and can be described as follows: Stars are products with high growth and are competing in a competitive market. As per illustration in exhibit 4 and exhibit 5, the regular product is termed as the star as its competing in a competitive environment. These stars required strong and stable investment to sustain its growth rate. Cash cows are products whose growth is low but its market share is high and they need little investment due to its stability. In this case the UHT and reduced fat products are considered a cash cow as they bring in high percentage of profits and its investment is minimal. They should be managed well so as to generate enough income which are to be used by the products with high growth rate. Question marks describe the products whose market share is low and operates in high growth markets. Despite high competition from the market. They have the potential which need enough investment to help them grow. As depicted in exhibit 4 5, question marks are flavored products because they need a lot of ingredients to produce it and therefore need high capital and to the management these products have to be thought of to find out what they should invest in. Dogs is a term used in portfolio matrix to mean products whose market share and growth is low. They bring in income despite being rarely invested on. In this scenario on the lists 4 5, the non-fat product is termed as dog as it earns a high percentage but it is rarely needed. In-store shops continue to remain the crucial channels in selling milk products despite high competition from the home-made brands (Bijman,2006) Supermarkets have tried their best to reduce entry of homemade products by launching other products like the modified and flavored milk by product differentiation which is not done by home-made sellers. This has helped the supermarkets remain attractive. Supermarkets have mode great success in building margins by use of product developments (Glanz, et.al, 2012). Lower average selling prices have made supermarkets to rise in profits hence high milk consumption. Sometimes supermarkets offer discount on some milk products hence attracting the consumers. Handling food like milk is very sensitive and requires great hygiene to be maintained, therefore good packaging and cleanliness in the supermarket has made them remain important unlike the home-made products which are sometimes handled in an unhygienic manner. Because of the popularity of the supermarkets, it has remained the dominating seller of milk products. Supermarkets are believed to be good gate keepers of customers wishes as they ensure they have impact on what a customers buys and where to buy. Because of the high buyer power in the supermarket, they are of great advantage to the supplier as it helps them determine what to stock and what not to, hence breaking up the spirit of retailer who has no buyer power (Rajagopal,2013). Dairy producers have therefore devised ways to counter the buyer power in the supermarkets by increasing market share hence reinforcing the buyer power with supermarkets. Dairy producers have also changed location of business in that they now go looking for consumers in their residential places hence increase of sales and at same time making good promotion. Another way of dealing with buyer power (Mabaya, 2011) is by producers lowering the prices of selling the products to consumers to a lower level compared to that of the supermarkets; this will make customers get attracted to their prices. References Aitken, J., Childerhouse, P., Towill, D. (2003). The impact of product life cycle on supply chain strategy.International Journal of Production Economics,85(2), 127-140. Bijman, J. T. (2006).International agri-food chains and networks: Management and organization. Wageningen: Acad. Publishers. Francesconi, G. N. (2009).Cooperation for competition: Linking Ethiopian farmers to markets. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Glanz, K., Bader, M. D., Iyer, S. (2012). Retail grocery store marketing strategies and obesity:an integrative review.American journal of preventive medicine,42(5), 503-512. Golder, P. N., Tellis, G. J. (2004). Growing, growing, gone: Cascades, diffusion, and turning points in the product life cycle.Marketing Science,23(2), 207-218. In Blair, R. D., In Sokol, D. D. (2014).The Oxford handbook of international antitrust economics: Volume 1. Inderst, R., Shaffer, G. (2007). Retail mergers, buyer power and product variety.The Economic Journal,117(516), 45-67. In Mazzarol, T., In Reboud, S., In Limnios, E. M., In Clark, D. N. (2014).Research handbook on sustainable co-operative enterprise: Case studies of organisational resilience in the co-operative business model.Bottom of Form Lowy, A., Hood, P. (2004).The power of the 2x2 matrix: Using 2x2 thinking to solve business problems and make better decisions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mabaya, E. (2011).Case studies of emerging farmers and agribusinesses in South Africa. Stellenbosch: Sun Press. Top of Form Nihoul, P., Skoczny, T., Edward Elgar Publishing. (2015).Procedural fairness in competition proceedings. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd.Bottom of FormBottom of Form Rajagopal,. (2013).Marketing decision making and the management of pricing: Successful business tools. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference.